The short version of Epithalamin fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-11-08 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
The compound is described in the literature as a derivative of epithalamin, a preparation obtained from bovine pineal tissue. Work on this peptide family was carried out mainly by a research group in Saint Petersburg beginning in the 1980s, and the substance was later registered for clinical use in Russia under the name Epitalon. Outside that region it is generally treated as a research chemical rather than an approved medicine. Statements about its biological activity rest on a relatively small number of studies, and independent replication remains limited.
In its supplied form epitalon is a white to off-white powder, usually lyophilized and often hygroscopic. It dissolves readily in water and in aqueous buffers, and it is commonly handled as the acetate or trifluoroacetate salt to improve stability during purification and drying. The amide backbone is labile in aqueous media, so solutions are less durable than the dry solid. Handling notes in the chemical literature therefore emphasize keeping the powder dry, cool and shielded from light until it is dissolved.
Published work on this compound consists mainly of in vitro experiments, animal studies, and small clinical investigations, a substantial share of which appeared in Russian-language journals. Sample sizes are generally small, control conditions differ between studies, and several endpoints rely on markers whose clinical meaning is itself debated. Reviews of the longevity field treat the peptide as an early example of telomerase-directed research rather than an established intervention. Regulatory treatment varies by country: some jurisdictions place it under prescription controls, others treat it as a laboratory material, and importation may be restricted regardless of local status.
Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide whose sequence is alanine–glutamate–aspartate–glycine, commonly abbreviated AEDG. It was developed in Russia during the 1980s and 1990s by investigators associated with the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, who studied short peptides as regulators of gene expression and tissue function. The alternative spelling epithalon appears interchangeably in the literature, and the two names refer to the same molecule. Outside Russia it is encountered chiefly as a research chemical rather than a licensed medicine, and it holds no approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency.
The peptide is a synthetic analogue of epithalamin, a preparation extracted from bovine pineal glands. Investigators sought a short, chemically defined molecule that would reproduce some of the endocrine and gerontological observations attributed to the glandular extract. Proposed mechanisms centre on induction of telomerase activity, an effect reported in cultured human somatic cells in the early 2000s, together with influences on melatonin secretion and neuroendocrine regulation. Those mechanisms remain incompletely characterised, and the reported telomerase response has not been consistently reproduced by independent groups working in comparable systems.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic tetrapeptide | Four residues, linear chain |
| Residue sequence | Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly | Single-letter form AEDG |
| Calculated mass | 390.3 daltons | Value for the free, uncharged form |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Usually supplied lyophilized |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water | Often handled as a salt form |
Browning is the processes of food turning brown due to the chemical reactions that take place within. The process of browning is one of the chemical reactions that take place in food chemistry and represents an interesting research topic regarding health, nutrition, and food technology. Though there are many different ways food chemically changes over time, browning in particular falls into two main categories: enzymatic versus non-enzymatic browning processes. Browning has many important implications on the food industry relating to nutrition, technology, and economic cost. Researchers are especially interested in studying the control (inhibition) of browning and the different methods that can be employed to maximize this inhibition and ultimately prolong the shelf life of food.
=== Noncoding RNA controls epigenetic phenomena === In addition to their well-established roles in translation and splicing, members of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) families have recently been found to function in genome defense and chromosome inactivation. For example, piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) prevent genome instability in germ line cells, while Xist (X-inactive-specific-transcript) is essential for X-chromosome inactivation in mammals.
This is a list of casual dining restaurant chains around the world, arranged in alphabetical order. A casual dining restaurant is a restaurant that serves moderately priced food in a casual atmosphere. Except for buffet-style restaurants and, more recently, fast casual restaurants, casual dining restaurants usually provide table service.
== Healthcare efficiency == Bloomberg, using data from the World Bank, World Health Organization, UN Population Division, International Monetary Fund and others, compiled its "Bloomberg Healthcare Efficiency Index" for 2018. It measures healthcare expenditures by country versus health outcomes. Of the 56 nations surveyed in 2018, Thailand was ranked 27th, up from 41 in 2017. Its per capita healthcare spending dropped 40 percent from 2017 to 7,086 baht (US$219), while life expectancy rose to 75.1 years, up from 74.6. The only other ASEAN nations listed were Singapore, ranked second, and Malaysia at 29.
Deionized water (DI water, DIW or de-ionized water), often synonymous with demineralized water/DM water, is water that has had almost all of its mineral ions removed, such as cations like sodium, calcium, iron, and copper, and anions such as chloride and sulfate. Deionization is a chemical process that uses specially manufactured ion-exchange resins, which exchange hydrogen and hydroxide ions for dissolved minerals, and then recombine to form water. Because most non-particulate water impurities are dissolved salts, deionization produces highly pure water that is generally similar to distilled water, with the advantage that the process is quicker and does not build up scale. However, deionization does not significantly remove uncharged organic molecules, viruses, or bacteria, except by incidental trapping in the resin. Specially made strong base anion resins can remove Gram-negative bacteria. Deionization can be done continuously and inexpensively using electrodeionization. Three types of deionization exist: co-current, counter-current, and mixed bed.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Reaction (1) is only possible if energetically allowed, i.e. if the proton affinity of R is higher than the proton affinity of H2O (691 kJ/mol). As most components of ambient air possess a lower proton affinity than H2O (e.g. N2, O2, Ar, CO2, etc.) the H3O+ ions only react with VOC trace components and the air itself acts as a buffer gas. Moreover, due to the low concentrations of trace components one can assume that the total number of H3O+ ions remains nearly unchanged, which leads to the equation
==== United States ==== αMS is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States, but it could be considered an analogue of α-methyltryptamine (AMT), in which case, purchase, sales, or possession could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act.
=== Sex differences === There are sex-dependent differences in regional fat distribution. Males are more susceptible to upper-body fat accumulation, most likely in the belly, due to sex hormone differences. When comparing the body fat of men and women it is seen that men have close to twice the visceral fat as that of pre-menopausal women. In women, estrogen is believed to cause fat to be stored in the buttocks, thighs, and hips. When women reach menopause and the estrogen produced by ovaries declines, fat at their buttocks, hips, and thighs decreases while fat at their belly increases. 50% of men and 70% of women in the United States between the ages of 50 and 79 years now exceed the waist circumference threshold for central obesity. Central obesity is positively associated with coronary heart disease risk in women and men. It has been hypothesized that the sex differences in fat distribution may explain the sex difference in coronary heart disease risk. Even with the differences, at any given level of central obesity measured as waist circumference or waist to hip ratio, coronary artery disease rates are identical in men and women.
== Additives == Mobile phase pH and electrostatic interactions, as well as analyte polarity, are regulated by the addition of ionic additives. These additives improve separation efficiency, including more symmetric peaks, less peak tailing, and better recovery from the stationary phase. Ammonium acetate and ammonium formate are commonly used, as they have good solubility in high organic. When considering additive addition, compatibility with detectors is important to consider. HILIC is often used with a mass spectrometry (MS), which cannot handle non-volatile salts like sodium perchlorate, which may suppress ion signal in the instrument, though it may increase mobile phase polarity and assist with elution in HILIC.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
2011 Sir Alec John Jeffreys: Developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling 2010 Pat Brown: Pioneering work in the development of microarrays, and the diverse applications of this technology in genetic research. 2009 Mathias Uhlén 2008 Ruedi Aebersold 2007 Donald F. Hunt 2006 Roger Tsien 2005 Stephen Fodor 2004 Edwin Southern 2003 Franz Hillenkamp and Michael Karas 2002 John Fenn 2001 Csaba Horvath 2000 Leroy Hood 1999 Marvin H. Caruthers for pioneering contributions to the chemical synthesis of DNA and RNA 1998 Bruce Merrifield 1997 Lloyd M. Smith 1996 David Lipman 1995 Klaus Biemann 1994 Frederick Sanger
=== China === China's relationship with opioids, particularly opium, goes back centuries, with significant use for medicinal purposes by the 7th century and increased demand in the 17th century due to smoking practices from Southeast Asia. The Opium Wars in the 19th century exacerbated the problem, leading to social and health crises. After 1949, under the Communist regime, strict legislation and punishment significantly reduced opioid use, creating a drug-free atmosphere by the 1950s. But with the economic reforms and open-door policies of the 1980s, drug abuse, including opiate dependence, reemerged as a major public health issue. From 2000 to 2020, the prevalence of OUD in China showed significant trends, though exact figures are hard to obtain due to underreporting. In 2004, Tang et al. reported approximately 1.14 million registered drug addicts, with over 75% being heroin addicts, suggesting a substantial burden, though the actual number is likely higher due to the hidden nature of drug use. This figure aligns with the understanding that official statistics often undercount, as noted in later reports like a 2019 Associated Press article that discussed pain pill addiction and suggested undercounting problems. Opioid abuse has been linked to significant health implications, particularly the spread of HIV/AIDS. In 2004, intravenous drug use was the most prevalent route of HIV transmission, accounting for 51.2% of cases, underscoring the public health threat. This suggests OUD and associated infectious illness therapies are needed.
Edward Jenner was born in Berkeley, England. As a young child, Jenner was variolated with the other schoolboys through parish funds, but nearly died due to the seriousness of his infection. Fed purgative medicine and going through the bloodletting process, Jenner was put in one of the variolation stables until he recovered. At the age of 13, he was apprenticed to apothecary Daniel Ludlow and later surgeon George Hardwick in nearby Sodbury. He observed that people who caught cowpox while working with cattle were known not to catch smallpox. Jenner assumed a causal connection but the idea was not taken up at that time. From 1770 to 1772 Jenner received advanced training in London at St. George's Hospital and as the private pupil of John Hunter, then returned to set up practice in Berkeley. Perhaps there was already an informal public understanding of some connection between disease resistance and working with cattle. The "beautiful milkmaid" seems to have been a frequent image in the art and literature of this period. It is known for certain that in the years following 1770, at least six people in England, Denmark and Germany (Sevel, Jensen, Jesty 1774, Rendall, Plett 1791) tested successfully the possibility of using the cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans. However, it was Jenner’s six-step experiment which established the link between cowpox infection and smallpox immunity, and his reports that brought the practice to national attention.
== Interactions == Catalase has been shown to interact with the ABL2 and Abl genes. Infection with the murine leukemia virus causes catalase activity to decline in the lungs, heart and kidneys of mice. Conversely, dietary fish oil increased catalase activity in the heart, and kidneys of mice.
Smuts informed the General Assembly that it had already been so thoroughly incorporated with South Africa a UN-sanctioned annexation was no more than a necessary formality. The Smuts delegation's request for the termination of the mandate and permission to annex South West Africa was not well received by the General Assembly. Five other countries, including three major colonial powers, had agreed to place their mandates under the trusteeship of the UN, at least in principle; South Africa alone refused. Most delegates insisted it was undesirable to endorse the annexation of a mandated territory, especially when all of the others had entered trusteeship. Thirty-seven member states voted to block a South African annexation of South West Africa; nine abstained. In Pretoria, right-wing politicians reacted with outrage at what they perceived as unwarranted UN interference in the South West Africa affair. The National Party dismissed the UN as unfit to meddle with South Africa's policies or discuss its administration of the mandate. One National Party speaker, Eric Louw, demanded that South West Africa be annexed unilaterally. During the South African general election, 1948, the National Party was swept into power, newly appointed Prime Minister Daniel Malan prepared to adopt a more aggressive stance concerning annexation, and Louw was named ambassador to the UN. During an address in Windhoek, Malan reiterated his party's position that South Africa would annex the mandate before surrendering it to an international trusteeship.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The peptide contains four residues in the order alanine, glutamate, aspartate and glycine, abbreviated AEDG. The chain is linear and held together by three peptide bonds. Its calculated mass for the uncharged free form is about 390.3 daltons.
Epithalamin refers to a crude preparation derived from bovine pineal tissue, which contains many components. Epitalon is a single synthetic tetrapeptide identified from that material and produced by chemical synthesis. The two names are sometimes confused because early reports treated the synthetic peptide as an active fragment of the extract.
It has been registered for clinical use in Russia, where it is associated with a small family of short peptides. In most other jurisdictions it is not an approved medicine and is traded as a research chemical. Regulatory status varies by country and changes over time.
Epitalon is a synthetic four-amino-acid peptide with the sequence alanine–glutamate–aspartate–glycine, also written AEDG. It was developed in Russian gerontology research and is studied for proposed effects on telomerase, melatonin regulation, and neuroendocrine function. It is not an approved pharmaceutical in the United States or the European Union.